The mini-course will be structured in two modules of two hours. The purpose of the course is to provide an overview of the different state-of-the-art techniques of spectro-microscopic investigation of the structural, chemical, electronic and dynamical properties of condensed matter. The audience is aimed at early-stage researchers witha curriculum in condensed matter physics, catalysis, and organic chemistry.

Topics will be: generation of synchrotron, magnets of bending, oscillators and undulators, monochromes of light,X-ray absorption, diffraction, spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.

This course aims to provide a formal introduction to thedensity functional theory and its application to the calculation of physical properties in solids. The first part of the course will present and prove the theorems fundamentals of the theory of the density functional and the subsequent developments. Numerical techniques for the solution of the Kohn-Sham equation with special reference to the development in plane waves and localized bases. Finally, theoretical and numerical techniques will be presented for calculating various physical quantities: total energy, forces, dynamic properties and optical properties.

Introduction to asymmetric organocatalysis (Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2021) from its beginnings to challenges for the development of various types of activation. The main types of activation (e.g., aminocatalysis, Bronsted acids and bases, Lewis acids and bases) and their impact on sustainable chemistry. The challenge of a field of research that has seen a "Gold Rush" will also be useful to discuss how to pursue research, with potential success, in a highly competitive field for PhD students and ESRs.

A selection of industrial processes for Active Ingredients Pharmaceuticals (APIs) will be covered from development in the research laboratory to a process production. An initial introduction will be made to the proprietary intellectual property and the process of drug discovery, and then analyzing processes. It will be seen how, initially, in a med chem laboratory there is little focus on sustainability and large-scale synthesis, and it is only when a molecule is potentially interesting that research is focuses on all those aspects that make it possible to bring a process to industrial scale.

An essentially theoretical course in which will be presented the magnetohydrodynamics approximation for the study of electrically charged fluids, with particular regard to astrophysical fluids observed in the solar system (solar wind, solar active regions, planetary magnetospheres). Various topics, such as instabilities, wave propagation in plasmas, and kinetic effects, will be briefly addressed.

A course with both a theoretical and practical approach that aims to deepen aspects already covered in the courses (both three-year and master's) of the Physics and Chemistry degrees focused on the use of advanced statistical methods mainly employed in the analysis that follows the collection of experimental data and represents a rigorous tool for the interpretation of results.

This theoretical course is offered to all PhD students and aims at the in-depth study of some cutting-edge topics in photonics, for which there is very advanced expertise in our Department, such as the radiative confinement of so-called nanophotonics both for fundamental purposes and for the possible design and realization of integrated optoelectronic circuitry and, at the same time, of surface-enhanced spectroscopies and their application in various fundamental and fundamental and application areas.

Supramolecular chemistry deals with the structure, properties, design and preparation of systems consisting of two or more molecules associated through non-covalent bonds (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals bonds, electrostatic interaction, etc.). The course includes a brief recall of the principles of supramolecular chemistry, both host-guest and self-assembly systems. Examples of applications of supramolecular systems in different fields will be shown, and the main techniques used to characterise these systems will be considered. Measurements will be made on simple supramolecular systems.

The course aims to illustrate the basic principles of cosmology by trying to limit knowledge of general relativity as far as possible.
0) Some basic notions of general relativity general: metrics and geodesics.
1) The expanding universe, experimental evidence. Homogeneity. The Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric (FRW).
2) Kinematics of the FRW universe: geodesics, distance and redshift.
3) Dynamics of the FRW metric. Composition of the universe. The cosmological constant. Age of the Universe, the redshift distance relation.
4) From the homogeneous universe to the observed universe: Jeans instability.

It is a theoretical course for the analysis of the radiative budget of the earth-atmosphere system and the physical and physical-chemical processes responsible for perturbations to the system's equilibrium state. The radiative balance governed by the absorption and scattering processes of electromagnetic radiation in the solar and planetary spectrum can be slowly modified over time by variations in atmospheric composition and surface reflectivity but also by the variability of the incoming solar flux (on different time scales). In turn, atmospheric composition is influenced not only directly by the variability of well-mixed greenhouse gas sources but also by the variability of their time lifetimes, indirectly governed by short-lived oxidants (OH, O(1D), etc.) and the bio-physical characteristics of the earth's surface.

This course provides a broad introduction to radioactivity, natural radioactive decays and radioactive sources. Precision measurements of gamma-ray spectroscopy using gamma detectors are introduced, and experiments for searching for rare events in underground laboratories are described. The course is aimed at all PhD students who wish to deepen their knowledge of the properties of radiation and its possible applications in various areas of physics, chemistry and engineering.

This short course deals with the physics of photo-hadronic interactions that occur in the travel of the UHECR particles in the space they traverse before being detected. For the case of protons and heavier nuclei, the analytical computation of the cosmic ray flux at Earth, respectively, will be developed. The production of secondary particles expected to be generated by cosmic rays interacting in the extragalactic background photon field will also be described.

The course introduces organic electrochemistry by highlighting the benefits and challenges of using electrical energy to promote organic substrate reactivity. The basic principles (electron-transfer concept, electrode materials, solvent-supporting electrolytes) will be discussed using key terminology familiar to organic chemists to deepen the understanding of basic concepts of recent synthetic applications and strategies abounding in the literature. A Lab tour will also be offered to acquire practical skills in using simple electrochemical apparatus/tools.

A short course introducing neutrino masses, their phenomenology, and possible theories for them. The phenomenology has numerous manifestations - from high energy particle physics at collider to low energy flavour physics to astrophysics and cosmology. We will review these fields and then describe possible theories that account for neutrino masses, necessarily within models beyond the Standard Model, with particular stress on models connecting neutrino masses to the breaking of parity in the Standard Model. We will thus describe ongoing probes for these scenarios in high and low-energy experiments.